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Yuan Dynasty
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大元Dai Ön Ulus
Great Yuan
State of the Mongol Empire
←
←
1271–1368
→ →
Capital Dadu (modern Beijing), Shangdu
Language(s) Mongolian
Mandarin
Religion Buddhism (Chinese & Tibetan), Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion
Government Semi-elective monarchy
Emperor
- 1260–1294 Kublai Khan
- 1333–1370 (Cont.) Ukhaatu Khan
Historical era Middle ages
- Establishment December 18, 1271
- Conquest of southern Song March 19, 1276
- Fall of Dadu September 14, 1368
Area
- 1310 est. 14,000,000 km2 (5,405,430 sq mi)
Population
- 1293 est. est. 62,818,128a[›]
Currency Predominantly Paper Currency (Chao), with a small amount of Chinese cash in use
The Yuan Dynasty (Chinese: 元朝; pinyin: Yuáncháo; IPA: [ju̯an tʂʰɑʊ̯]), Mongolian: Dai Ön Ulus/Дай Юан Улс), or Great Yuan Empire (simplified Chinese: 大元帝国; traditional Chinese: 大元帝國; pinyin: Dà Yuán Dìguó) was both the continuation of the Mongol Empire and the Mongol founded historical state in Mongolia and China,[1] lasting officially from 1271[2] to 1368.[3] Although the dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, he had his grandfather Genghis Khan placed on the official record as the founder of the dynasty or Taizu (Chinese: 太祖). Kublai Khan had claimed the title of Great Khan, i.e. supremacy over the other Mongol khanates (Chagatai Khanate, Golden Horde, Ilkhanate); however this claim was only truly recognized by the Il-Khanids, who were nevertheless essentially self-governing. Although later emperors of the Yuan Dynasty were recognized by the three virtually independent western khanates as their nominal suzerains, they each continued their own separate developments. But the Mongol Empire as a whole remained strong and united. The Yuan is sometimes referred to as the Empire of the Great Khan. The Mongol Emperors of the Yuan held the title of Great Khan of all Mongol Khanates.[4][5][6]
History
ANCIENT
3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors
Xia Dynasty 2100–1600 BCE
Shang Dynasty 1600–1046 BCE
Zhou Dynasty 1045–256 BCE
Western Zhou
Eastern Zhou
Spring and Autumn Period
Warring States Period
IMPERIAL
Qin Dynasty 221 BCE–206 BCE
Han Dynasty 206 BCE–220 CE
Western Han
Xin Dynasty
Eastern Han
Three Kingdoms 220–280
Wei, Shu & Wu
Jin Dynasty 265–420
Western Jin 16 Kingdoms
304–439
Eastern Jin
Southern & Northern Dynasties
420–589
Sui Dynasty 581–618
Tang Dynasty 618–907
( Second Zhou 690–705 )
5 Dynasties &
10 Kingdoms
907–960 Liao Dynasty
907–1125
Song Dynasty
960–1279
Northern Song W. Xia
Southern Song Jin
Yuan Dynasty 1271–1368
Ming Dynasty 1368–1644
Qing Dynasty 1644–1911
MODERN
Republic of China 1912–1949
People's Republic
of China
1949–present
Republic
of China
(Taiwan)
1945–present
History of Mongolia
This article is part of a series
Early History
Mongolic peoples
Age of nomadic empires
The Xianbei
Nirun Qaghanate
The Khidan
Medieval Mongolia
Khamag Mongol
Mongol Empire
(Qubilaid, Jochid,
Ilkhan, Chagatayid)
Period of the small kings
Northern Khalkha
Zunghar Khanate
Foreign rule and independence
Qing Mongolia
National independence of 1911
Theocratic period
Inner Mongolia
The Beiyang’s brief occupation
Bogd Khaanate under Baron Ungern
Mongolian revolution of 1921
Modern Mongolia
Mongolian People's Republic
Battle of Khalkhin Gol
World War II
Yalta conference
Democratic Revolution of 1990
Mongolia
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Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke
In 1259 Great Khan Möngke died while Kublai Khan, his brother, was campaigning against the Song Dynasty in South China and Ariq Böke, his other brother, commanded the Mongol homelands. After Möngke's demise, Ariq Böke decided to attempt to make himself Great Khan. Hearing of this, Kublai aborted his Chinese expedition and had himself elected as Great Khan in an assembly with a small number of attendees in April of 1260. Still, Ariq Böke had his supporters and was elected as a rival Great Khan to Kublai at Karakorum, then the capital of Mongol Empire. The brothers then engaged in a series of battles, ending with Ariq Böke's capture in 1264. Kublai held him prisoner until he died two years later. However, this event essentially marked the end of a unified Mongol empire. The khans of the Golden Horde and of the Chagatai Khanate did not recognize Kublai Khan as the Great Khan. The conflicts between Kublai Khan and the khanates in Central Asia led by Kaidu (Qaidu) had lasted for a few decades, until the beginning of the 14th century, when both of them had died. Hülegü, another brother of Kublai Khan, ruled his Ilkhanate and paid homage to the Great Khan but actually established an autonomous khanate, and after Ilkhan Ghazan's enthronement in 1295, Kublai's successor Emperor Chengzong sent him a Chinese seal reading "Palace of Bao Ding-Guo Li-min" ("王府定國理民之寶" in Chinese script), which formally gave him the authority to establish a country and govern its people.[7] The four major successor khanates never came again under true one rule, though the Great Khans were acknowledged by the two great khanates beyond those of Persia and the Golden Horde.[8][9]