Palatal nasal

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IPA – number 118
IPA – text ɲ
IPA – image

Entity ɲ
X-SAMPA J
Kirshenbaum n^

The palatal nasal is a type of consonant, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɲ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J. The IPA symbol is a lowercase letter n with a leftward-pointing tail protruding from the bottom of the left stem of the letter. Compare n and ɲ. The symbol ɲ is similar to ɳ, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and with ŋ, the symbol for the velar nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem.

Palatal nasals are more common than palatal stops ([c] or [ɟ]). [1] In Spanish and languages whose writing systems are influenced by Spanish orthography, this sound is represented with the letter eñe (ñ).

Features

Features of the palatal nasal:

Its manner of articulation is stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
Its place of articulation is palatal which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised against the hard palate.
Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Albanian një [ɲə] 'one'
Basque ekaina [ekaɲa] 'June'
Catalan[2] bany [baɲ] 'bath' Alveolo-palatal. See Catalan phonology
Chinese Shanghainese gniugnin/女人 [ɲyɲiɲɪ] 'woman'
Croatian konj [koɲ] 'horse'
Czech kůň [kuːɲ] 'horse' See Czech phonology
Dinka nyɔt [ɲɔt] 'very'
Dutch[3] oranje [oˈrɑɲə] 'orange' Not all dialects. See Dutch phonology
English some dialects onion [ˈʌɲən] 'onion' Corresponds to /nj/ in other dialects. See English phonology
French[4] montagne [mɔ̃taɲ] 'mountain' See French phonology
Galician leña [ˈleɲa] 'firewood'
Greek Πρωτοχρονιά [pro̞to̞xro̞ˈɲa] 'New Year's Day' See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian[5] anya [ɒɲɒ] 'mother' See Hungarian phonology
Indonesian banyak [ˈbaɲaʔ] 'a lot'
Italian[6] bagno [baɲɲo] 'bath' See Italian phonology
Japanese[7] 庭/niwa [n̠ʲiw͍a] 'garden' Alveolo-palatal. See Japanese phonology
Malay banyak [baɲaʔ] 'a lot'
Malayalam[8] ഞ [ɲan] 'I'
Norwegian Northern and central dialects[9] mann [mɑɲː] 'man' See Norwegian phonology
Occitan Northern and Southern Polonha [puˈluɲo] 'Poland'
Gascon banh [baɲ] 'bath'
Polish[10] koń

[kɔn̠ʲ] (help·info) 'horse' Usually alveolo-palatal. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[11] arranhar [ɐʀɐ'ɲaɾ] 'to scratch' See Portuguese phonology
Quechua ñuqa [ˈɲɔqɑ] 'I'
Scottish Gaelic seinn [ʃeɲ] 'sing'
Serbian коњ/konj [koɲ] 'horse'
Slovak pečeň [ˈpɛtʃɛɲ] 'liver'
Spanish[12] enseñar [ẽ̞nse̞ˈɲar] 'to teach' See Spanish phonology
Vietnamese nhai [ɲaɪ] 'to chew' See Vietnamese phonology

References

^ Ladefoged (2005:163)
^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
^ Gussenhoven (1992:46)
^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
^ Ladefoged (2005:164)
^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
^ Okada (1991:95)
^ Ladefoged (2005:165)
^ Skjekkeland (1997:105-107)
^ Jassem (2003:103)
^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)

Bibliography

Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53–56
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94
Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76
Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107
Ladefoged, Peter (2005). Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.). Blackwell.
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121
Skjekkeland, Martin (1997), Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla, Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press)

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