articulation
• Labial
Bilabial
Labial-velar
Labial-alveolar
Labiodental
Dentolabial
• Bidental
• Coronal
Linguolabial
Interdental
Dental
Denti-alveolar
Alveolar
Apical
Laminal
Subapical
Postalveolar
Alveolo-palatal
Retroflex
• Dorsal
Palatal
Labial-palatal
Velar
Uvular
Uvular-epiglottal
• Radical
Pharyngeal
Epiglotto-pharyngeal
Epiglottal
• Glottal
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Linguolabials or apicolabials are consonants articulated by placing the tongue tip or blade against the upper lip, which is drawn downward to meet the tongue. They represent one extreme of a coronal articulatory continuum which extends from linguolabial to sub-apical palatal places of articulation. Cross-linguistically, linguolabial consonants are very rare, though they do not represent a particularly exotic combination of articulatory configurations, unlike click consonants or ejectives. They are found in a cluster of languages in Vanuatu, in the Kajoko dialect of Bijago in Guinea-Bissau, as well as in Umotína, a recently extinct Bororoan language of Brazil, and as extraphonotactic sounds worldwide.
The linguolabial consonants are transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet by adding the "seagull" diacritic to the corresponding alveolar consonant. They are sometimes seen with the letter for a bilabial consonant instead, but this usage is not recognized by the International Phonetic Association, and would imply that both lips are used.
Language Orthography IPA Meaning
n̼ linguolabial nasal Tangoa [n̼ata] "eye"[1]
t̼ voiceless linguolabial plosive Tangoa [t̼et̼e] "butterfly"[1]
d̼ voiced linguolabial plosive Kajoko dialect of Bijago [nɔ̀-d̼ɔ́ːɡ] "stone"[2]
n̼d̼ prenasalized voiced linguolabial plosive Vao [nan̼d̼ak] "bow"[1]
θ̼ voiceless linguolabial fricative Big Nambas [ˈinɛθ̼] "he is asthmatic"
ð̼ voiced linguolabial fricative Tangoa [ð̼atu] "stone"[1]
r̼ linguolabial trill
(uses lower lip) Coatlán Zapotec r̼ʔ mimesis for a child's fart[3]
(blowing a raspberry)
ǀ̼ linguolabial click Coatlán Zapotec ǀ̼ʔ mimesis for a pig drinking water[3]
See also
Notes
References
- Ladefoged, Peter; Ian Maddieson (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
- Maddieson, Ian. 1989. Linguo-labials. In VICAL 1: Oceanic Languages, Part II: Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Auckland, New Zealand, January 1988, ed. by R. Harlow & R. Hooper, 349–375. Aukland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand.
- Olson, Kenneth S., D. William Reiman, Fernando Sabio & Filipe Alberto da Silva. In press. The voiced linguolabial plosive in Kajoko. Chicago Linguistic Society (CLS) 45(1).