Kingdom of Hungary

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Magyar Királyság
Kingdom of Hungary
Full name
1000—1918
1919—1944
1945—1946


Flag Coat of arms
Territory of Kingdom of Hungary by the end of the 15th century

Capital Budapest;
Pozsony;
Buda;
Székesfehérvár;
Debrecen;
Esztergom
Language(s) Hungarian, Latin, German
Religion Roman Catholic, later Calvinism, Lutheranism and others[1]
Government Monarchy
Monarch
 - 1000-1038 Stephen I of Hungary
 - 1920-1944 Regent Miklós Horthy
History
 - Coronation of Stephen I of Hungary 1000
 - Ottoman occupation of Buda 1541
 - Revolution of 1848 1848
 - 1867 Compromise 1867
 - Treaty of Trianon 1920
 - People's Republic of Hungary 1946
Area
 - 1918 325.411 km² (126 sq mi)
Population
 - 1711 est. 3,000,000 
 - 1790 est. 8,000,000 
 - 1910 est. 18,264,533 
 - 1940 est. 14,679,573 
Currency Florentinus (1325),
Thaler
Austrian Florin (1754-1867),
Forint (1867–1892),
Korona (1892–1918),
Korona (1919–1926),
Pengő (1927–1946),
Adópengő (1946)

Population source:[2] about religion[3]

The Kingdom of Hungary (short form: Hungary), emerged in 1000, when the Principality of Hungary, founded in 896, was recognized as a Kingdom. The form of government was changed from Monarchy to Republic briefly in 1918 and again in 1946, ending the Kingdom and creating the Republic of Hungary. During most of its history, it was a considerable state in Central Europe, including, besides Hungary proper and Transylvania, Croatia-Slavonia and a territory known as the Military Frontier.[4]

Names

In the late Middle Ages, the Latin terms "Natio Hungarica" and "Hungarus" referred to all of the population, as loyalty and patriotism towards the crown existed among all inhabitants, regardless of ethnic origins. However, according to István Werbőczy's Tripartitum, the "Natio Hungarica" referred only to the privileged noblemen (regardless of ethnicity), as subjects of the Holy Crown of Hungary

The Latin Regnum Hungariae/Vngarie (Regnum meaning kingdom); Regnum Marianum (Kingdom of St. Mary); or simply Hungaria was the form used in official documents from the beginning of the kingdom to the 1840s.

The German name (Königreich Ungarn) was used from 1849 to the 1860s, and the Hungarian name (Magyar Királyság) was used in the 1840s, and again from the 1860s to 1918. The names in other languages of the kingdom were: Polish: Królestwo Węgier, Romanian: Regatul Ungariei, Croatian: Kraljevina Ugarska, Slovene: Kraljevina Ogrska, Czech: Uherské království, Slovak: Uhorské kráľovstvo, Italian (for the city of Fiume), Regno d'Ungheria.

In Austria-Hungary (1867-1918), the unofficial name Transleithania was sometimes used to denote the regions covered by the Kingdom of Hungary. Officially, the term Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen was included for the Hungarian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, although this term was also in use prior to that time.

History

Early history

From 9 BC to the end of the 4th century, Pannonia was part of the Roman Empire on a part of later Hungary's area. In the final stages of the expansion of the Roman empire, the Carpathian Basin fell for a while into the sphere of the Mediterranean, Greco-Roman civilization - town centers, paved roads, and written sources were all part of the advances which the Migration of Peoples ended.

Among the first to arrive were the Huns, who built up a powerful empire under Attila the Hun. Attila was regarded as an ancestral ruler of the Hungarians, however, this claim is rejected today by the most scholars. After Hunnish rule faded away, the Germanic Ostrogoths and then the Lombards came to Pannonia, and the Gepids had a presence in the eastern part of the Carpathian Basin for about 100 years. In the 560s the Avars founded the Avar Khaganate,[5] a state which maintained supremacy in the region for more than two centuries and had the military power to launch attacks against all its neighbours. The Avar Khaganate was weakened by constant wars and outside pressure and finally the Avars' 250 year rule ended when the Khaganate was conquered by the Franks under Charlemagne in the West and the Bulgarians under Krum in the East. Neither of these two nor others^{[citation needed]} were able to create a lasting state in the region until the freshly unified Hungarians led by Árpád settled in the Carpathian Basin starting in 895.[6] The force led by Árpád is estimated at about 400,000 people, consisting of seven Hungarian tribes, one Kabar tribe, and other smaller tribes.[7]

History of Hungary

This article is part of a series

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Ancient history
Hungarian Prehistory
Middle ages
Medieval Hungary (896–1526)
Ottoman–Hungarian Wars
Early Modern Hungary
Royal Hungary
Principality of Transylvania
History of Hungary 1700–1918
19th century
Revolution of 1848–49
20th century
Hungary in World War I
Interwar period (1918–41)
Hungary in World War II
People's Republic 1949–89
Revolution of 1956
1989 – present
Topics in Hungarian History
Military history
History of the Székely
History of the Jews in Hungary
Music history
History of Transylvania
The Csangos

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Hungary Portal
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The Kingdom of Hungary consisted of present-day Hungary, Transylvania (in present-day Romania), Slovakia, Carpatho Ruthenia (in present-day Ukraine), Vojvodina (in present-day Serbia), Burgenland (in present-day Austria), Slavonia, Croatia, Dalmatia (in present day Croatia), and other smaller territories surrounding present-day Hungary's borders.

Despite the interruption caused by the Mongol invasion of 1241, Transylvania evolved during the following centuries into a distinctive autonomous unit within the Hungarian kingdom, with its special voivode (or governor), its united, although heterogeneous, leadership (descended from Szekler, Saxon, and Magyar colonists), and its own constitution[8] until 1526 when it effectively became independent[8](see Eastern Hungarian Kingdom).

The provinces of Croatia and Slavonia, and after 1868 the autonomous province of Croatia-Slavonia had autonomy within the Kingdom of Hungary from 1091-1918.[9][10][11][12][13]