Pedanius Dioscorides
Pedanius Dioscorides (circa 40—90 AD) is the author of a 5-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine and related medicinal substances, i.e. a pharmacopeia, that was widely read for well more than a thousand years, and is of great historical value today.
A native of Anazarbus, Cilicia, Asia Minor, Dioscorides was "a Greek physician, pharmacologist and botanist who practiced in Rome at the time of Nero. He was a surgeon with the army of the emperor, so he had the opportunity to travel extensively, seeking medicinal substances (plants and minerals) from all over the Roman and Greek world."
Dioscorides (Greek: Διοσκορίδης) wrote a five-volume book in his native Greek, Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικής, known in English by its Latin title De Materia Medica ("Regarding Medical Materials") that is a "precursor to all modern pharmacopeias". It remained in use until about CE 1600. Unlike many classical authors, his works were not "rediscovered" in the Renaissance, because his book never left circulation. In the medieval age, De Materia Medica was circulated in Latin, Greek, and Arabic. While being reproduced in manuscript form through the centuries, it was often supplemented with commentary on Dioscorides' work, with minor additions from Arabic and Indian sources. The most important Greek manuscripts survive today in Mount Athos monasteries.[citation needed] A number of illustrated manuscripts of the De Materia Medica survive. The most famous of these is the lavishly illustrated Vienna Dioscurides produced in Constantinople in 512/513 AD. Heavily illustrated Arabic copies survive from the 12th and 13th centuries.
De Materia Medica is the premiere historical source of information about the medicines used by the Greeks, Romans, and other cultures of antiquity. The work also records the Dacian and Thracian names for some plants, which otherwise would have been lost. The work presents about 600 plants in all, although the descriptions are sometimes obscurely phrased. "Numerous individuals from the Middle Ages on have struggled with the identity of the recondite kinds." Many botanical identifications remain insecure, educated guesses by today's experts.
The style of presentation in Dioscorides' Materia Medica set an example that was followed by many later authors of works on Materia Medica, right down to today's Physicians' Desk Reference.
Footnotes and references
- ^ Borzelleca, Joseph F.; Lane, Richard W. (2008), "The Art, the Science, and the Seduction of Toxicology: an Evolutionary Development", in Hayes, Andrew Wallace, Principles and methods of toxicology (5th ed.), Taylor & Francis Group, p. 13
- ^ Some detail about medieval manuscripts of De Materia Medica at Ibidis Press
- ^ Nutton, Vivian (2004). Ancient Medicine. Routledge. . Page 177.
- ^ Murray, J. (1884). The Academy. Alexander and Shephrard. . Page 68.
- ^ Krebs, Robert E.; Krebs, Carolyn A. (2003). Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Ancient World. Greenwood Publishing Group. . Pages 75-76.
- ^ Isely, Duane (1994). One hundred and one botanists. Iowa State University Press.
Some English Translations of Dioscorides Materia Medica:
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- De Materia Medica: Being an Herbal with many other medicinal materials, translated by Tess Anne Osbaldeston (2000). (Publisher Ibidis Press: Johannesburg). Freely Fully Downloadable
- De Materia Medica, tranlated by Lily Y. Beck (2000). (Publisher Hildesheim: Olms-Weidmann).
- The Greek Herbal of Dioscorides... Englished by John Goodyer A. D. 1655, edited by R.T. Gunter (1933) (reprint, 1968).
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pedanius Dioscorides
- Dioscorides Material Medica, in English -- the full book downloadable in PDF fileformat.
- Dioscorides De Material Medica in Latin
- "Dioscurides Neapolitanus: Codex ex Vindobonensis Graecus 1" (in Italian, Latin). Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli. http://www.bnnonline.it/biblvir/dioscoride/dioscoride.htm. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
- "Medic: Catalogue des textes en ligne: Dioscoride/Dioscodirides, Pedacius" (in French, Latin) (pdf). Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine et d'odontologie (bium), Université Paris Descartes. http://web2.bium.univ-paris5.fr/livanc/?cote=00821&do=chapitre. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
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